The Representations of Femininity in Pride and Prejudice

Jane Austen, one of the most well-known 19th century novelists recognized today continues to captivate people with stories of love and romance through the transformation of her novels into film and television. All of her novels are about women dealing with romance, courtship, and marriage during a repressing period. Most of her characters and stories revolve around the lives of the upper class. It centers on the values, rituals, and manners of high society in England during the Regency Era. Her most popular novel, Pride and Prejudice published in 1813 maintains the interest of its audiences as it did almost two centuries earlier as evidenced by its frequent incarnations. In 1995, the British Broadcasting Corporation produced a six†¦show more content†¦This adaptation offers an accurate representation of the story and characters which overall offers a beautiful visual rich in semiotics for exploration. In Roberta Grandi’s article, The Passion Translated: Literary and C inematic Rhetoric in Pride and Prejudice, she observes that â€Å"in an age when naked bodies are overexposed and sex is common topic of discussion, costume films rediscover a taste for visual repression. Through the concealment of the bodies and translation of their sensuality into objects, both voyeuristic and fetishist sensations are enhanced† (50) which I believe is the reason behind the lasting appeal of period dramas. This will keep audiences, especially the younger viewers today, engaged in the characters conversations, actions and tiny gestures in an attempt to decipher what the characters truly feel and think as in Grandi’s words, â€Å"if passion is nowhere expressed it means that passion is concealed everywhere† (50). Even if the times had changed and values have become more progressive compared to that of Jane Austen time, viewers nevertheless enjoy the passion in herShow MoreRelatedComparing The Representation Of Women s The Yellow Wallpaper And Pride And Prejudice 1662 Words   |  7 PagesCompare the representation of women in Gilman’s ‘The yellow wallpaper’ and Austen’s ‘pride and prejudice’. To what extent do you agree with the view that Gilman presents conventional patriarchal expectations of women, more critically than Austen. Both Austen and Gilman breakthrough the conformity of femininity at a time of rising feminism in a bid to encourage the female viewpoint which was put down or rather shunned to be less valuable by the society they lived in. Gilman however presents it inRead MoreThe Imitation Game Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe question ‘How are men and women (masculinity and femininity) portrayed differently in the text?’. I intend to explore the portrayal of both men and women in the film ‘The Imitation Game’ directed by Morten Tyldum. Furthermore, I believe that the film portrays the patriarchal structure that is the basis of the portrayal of men and women. Essay The film, ‘The Imitation Game’, directed by Morten Tyldum portrays the unequal treatment of femininity compared to masculinity and the patriarchal structureRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel written by Jane Austen. It was first published in 1813. Ignoring the fact that I have already read the book in high school, the novel tackles on very interesting issues, which makes itself just as interesting for a book report. The story mainly revolves around Elizabeth Bennet as she faces issues concerning manners, upbringings, education, morality, and marriage. The setting is in England in the early 19th century, so the social norms found in the book are more accustomedRead MoreA Very Short Introduction By Jonathan Culler1279 Words   |  6 PagesIn Literary Criticism A Very Short Introduction, author Jonathan Culler writes on feminist theory: on the one hand, feminist theorists champion the identity of women, demand rights for women, and promote women’s writings as representations of the experience of women. On the other hand, feminists undertake a theoretical critique of the heterosexual matrix that organizes identities and cultures in terms of the opposition between man and woman (Culler 140). These two approaches, championing and critiquingRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Gender Representations in the Movie Shrek2565 Words   |  11 PagesAnalysis of Gender Representations in the Movie Shrek Shrek is a movie that is very different from any movies that one could see so far. It is a computer-animated American comedy film, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson, and starring the voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow. It was based on William Steigs 1990 fairy tale picture book Shrek!, and was produced by DreamWorks Animation. Clearly displaying its difference, Shrek was the first film to win an AcademyRead MoreFeminist Undertones in Pride and Prejudice2078 Words   |  9 PagesFEMINIST UNDERTONES IN ‘PRIDE AND PREJUDICE’ Introduction Jane Austen authored the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813, a period in the social history of England that saw most women as best equipped for the private and domestic realm. An ideal woman was the picture of chastity, innocence and compliancy. Even women authors in this period were expected to adhere to genres that were considered to be solely their domain- the refined arts, householdRead MoreAustralian Films - Screening Responces3687 Words   |  15 Pagesbelieved in the dominance of white culture; Evident in their policies such as The White Australia policy and the policy of Assimilation. The use of real news footage reinforces the pre-existing national identity that constitutes a certain national pride of mate-ship, and honour, especially during times of war. But during time of war, issues of propaganda are also raised. Screening Australianness is debatable in terms of ethical journalism, how public opinion was formed via manipulation, or if publicRead MoreBreaking Bad And Orange Is The New Black3602 Words   |  15 Pagesindustry. Also by critically breaking down character roles, scenes, and themes of both TV series, we can understand how influenced our social understandings and perspectives are. Lastly, by explicitly focusing on the themes of sex, masculinity and femininity, which all formulate the concept of gender as well as exploring the depiction of criminality, this paper will critique how BB and OITNB approach diversity. A contrast between the two series will also be made by evaluating secondary themes such asRead MoreMaking Sence of Homonegativity10662 Word s   |  43 PagesHeterosexual Men and Women s Understanding of Their Own Prejudice and Discrimination toward Gay Men Lisa Margaret Jewell Melanie Ann Morrison a a a University of Saskatchewan, Department of Psychology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Published online: 28 Aug 2012. To cite this article: Lisa Margaret Jewell Melanie Ann Morrison (2012): Making Sense of Homonegativity: Heterosexual Men and Women s Understanding of Their Own Prejudice and Discrimination toward Gay Men, Qualitative ResearchRead MoreGender, Gender And Sexual Orientation Essay2043 Words   |  9 Pageswhile perpetuating in majority of the male characters what the ideal man represents and how that is related to racial issues and sexual orientation in the film. Issues of homosexuality is not only brought up in opposition of masculinity, but also femininity. Thus, American society has an attitude or belief that endorses hyper masculinity in males, but this is not viewed as a positive attribution in African Americans, nor is homosexuality considered a normative behavior. The socialization of gender

The Value Of Wisdom And Experiences - 1339 Words

The Value of Wisdom and Experiences Generally, every individual’s learning experience has its own inspiring and meaningful stories; a learning experience that has its own unique distinctions, interpretations, complications, sacrifices, has its endless possibilities, and most importantly, a learning experience that has its own effective action and optimistic option for execution. For example: In â€Å"The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me,† Sherman Alexie highlights his enjoyment of reading and writing. He claims that as a kid, he reminds himself that he is a â€Å"smart Indian boy† even though it is not recognized on a reservation or even if non-Indian teachers believe that Indian children are stupid. Similarly, in â€Å"Learning to Read and Write,† Frederick Douglass demonstrates that slaves are entitled to have the same rights to learn about reading and writing as any other Americans. He testifies that his masters, including his fellow slaves believe that slavery and education we re not compatible. Moreover, in â€Å"On Keeping a Notebook,† Joan Didion conveys that she masters writing through examining her own writing on a piece of a notebook about herself and other people. Likewise, in â€Å"Learning to Read,† Malcolm X expresses that books are his â€Å"Alma Mater† because he becomes proficient in writing in a course of copying every single word in a dictionary. He clarifies that he develops his skills in reading and writing despite the fact that he is an African-American prisoner.Show MoreRelatedMy Personal Values: Professional Ethics Are the Foundation of Social Work1798 Words   |  7 PagesA career in Social Work requires conviction to personal values that reflect and uphold the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics. Professional ethics are the foundation of social work, as the trade has an innate obligation to endorse ethical principles and basic values to advocate for the wellness of others. The core value s adopted by all social workers, as distinguished by NASW, are service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationshipsRead MoreThe Qualities Of Becoming Wise Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesWisdom. Becoming wise is something many people strive for and by definition being wise or having wisdom is the result of a few characteristics such as; â€Å"the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment.† This is very true and the aspects of becoming wise/showing signs of having the traits of wisdom is seen here in this definition, yet, only somewhat, in other words it’s incomplete. I disagree with the definition of wisdom and what it is, and I will prove why being wise, showing wisdomRead MoreWisdom: A Philosophical Take Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: What is Wisdom? When the question, What is Wisdom? is asked, philosophers always have a view from the question. Each philosopher has their own interpretation of what wisdom is. But, what does wisdom really mean? Is it knowledge, science, or just common sense? I believe it is a mixture of all these things and more. There are many books written on the subject; from the dictionary, which defines it, to the Bible and Socrates. Websters New World Dictionary defines the word wisdom as the qualityRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity And Integrity, Courage, And Wisdom Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesplan that will benefit all involved. The three most important concepts from Chapter 3 and 4 are integrity, courage, and wisdom. Group Consensus Integrity Integrity is an essential character quality that defines an effective leader. Integrity is a unifying element; it means more than telling the truth. Integrity is concerned with right and wrong, and adherence to a set of values (Satterlee, 2013, p. 7). In that, integrity speaks on the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles –Read MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511113 Words   |  5 Pagessociety. He realizes that by struggling and suffering, there is wisdom rewarded at the end. This demonstrates how the process of struggling and suffering allow someone to gain wisdom in true learning and knowledge involves struggle to understand, recognizing your own flaws assist in self-improvement, and there are things in the world worth fighting/dying for. Through the path of suffrage and struggle, individuals yield many chunks of wisdom and one of them is true learning and knowledge which involvesRead MoreMy Personal Definition Of Philosophy978 Words   |  4 Pagesreferenced in The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee the Greek origin of the work is love and wisdom, philiein, meaning love and Sophia, meaning wisdom. Thus creating a simple definition for philosophy to be the love of wisdom (Chaffee). My personal definition of philosophy would expand on that concept and define it to be, the exploration and examination of thoughts, experiences, and knowledge through wisdom. Philosophy can take a simple concept and dissect the statement not only searching for the depthRead MoreEssay on Context: Wisdom and Antigone812 Words   |  4 Pages Younger people have tended to look towards the elderly for wisdom and guidance since the beginning of recorded history and beyond. Students to teachers, children to parents, ordinary people to royalty and politicians – generally those who have lived longer are not only believed, but expected to have garnered more knowledge in their longer lives. Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"I do not think much of a man who is not wiser today than he was yesterday. Also, in 2008 the Australian newspaper publishedRead MoreKnight And Squire In The Canterbury Tales Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesBecket, in the Canterbury Cathedral. In the prologue, the narrator depicts each character and their demeanor. Two particular characters in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the Knight and Squire, help to exemplify the idea that wisdom and respect come with experience and age. The Knight’s wisdom and maturity above the Squire is proven not only through age, but he also proved his traits through battle and hardships. The narrator tells of the Knight’s voyages, stating that he â€Å"fought when Ayas and Attalia fell†(ChaucerRead MoreThe Theories Of Pleasure And Ethics1544 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom? What is your viewpoint on the basis of morality? Pleasure as we all know is some time of feeling of enjoyment or satisfaction. Human beings can be pleasured in many different ways such as mentally or sexually. Everyone has different but shared values of ethics and how happiness is needed to fuel morality itself. Some interesting gentlemen such, Friedrich Nietzsche and John Stuart Mills were important influential philosophers from the early 19th century. I’ll be comparing both philosophers’ theoriesRead MoreWorldview Approach: Major Values of Lakota Culture from the Book Lame Deer Seeker of Visions by Richard Erdoes1250 Words   |  5 PagesAnthropology. Book Report On Lame Deer Seeker Of Visions In this assignment, the topic I chose is â€Å"Worldview approach: Major Values of Lakota Culture†. It is about the relationship of Lame Deer book and the Lakota. In particular, the topic explores what the Lakota values much and how this is portrayed in the book (Lame Deer Seeker of Visions). In the essay, in exploring this topic, a summary of this book is first given. Second, I do explain why I choose the topic and what I knew about it prior

Consumer Perceptions Of Pawn Shops free essay sample

And in todays volatile economic environment, they can be a saving grace to people who are in need of quick cash but have poor or no credit, no bank account, or no credit card. However, pawn shops are not immune to the effects of the economy, with stiff competition from businesses like payday loans and stringent government regulations. Most notably, they have ongoing image problems, much of which is attributed to how they are portrayed in the media and movies (e. . Pulp Fiction). More recently, a highly successful reality television show set in a pawn shop has increased positive visibility for the industry and the National Pawnbrokers Association (NAP) is hoping to build off of that momentum by undertaking a new promotional campaign. The campaign would have two goals: to improve the image of pawn shops and to get more people to step foot into the stores. In late summer of 2010, the NAP sought the assistance of a Communication Research masters-level class at the university of SST. Thomas in Minneapolis, MN.With help from the class, the NAP would benefit from the findings of ultimate, small, qualitative research studies. The information collected could be useful to the NAP in developing messaging and positioning strategies for a national campaign. This report is a result of one of the qualitative research studies performed. The intent of our study was not to focus on existing pawn shop customers, but rather to gauge general awareness and opinions of pawn shops and their relevance in peoples lives. We were aware that our study sample would likely not reflect the average pawn shop customer.The question we had was whether our study sample would represent potential awn shop customers. Our study focused on knowledge, experience and perceptions of pawn shops, as well as lending and shopping habits. In our analysis, we learned that people did not completely understand the services and value that pawn shops can offer. Additionally, people did not consider them as an option for short-term loans, either because they were not aware of the service or they were not considered counterintuitive as convenient.People did consider pawn shops as a retail shopping option for bargaining and getting good deals. As for general opinions, there was a lot of indifference. People do not seem to care to use them; however, they are not willing to disregard them. This presented a potential opportunity to increase awareness, address common misconceptions and change opinions. We concluded that the only way to do these is to close the education gap. Pawn shops need to better promote their services and find ways to educate consumers. Moreover, pawnbrokers should consider placing an increased emphasis on retail opportunities.As short-term loans are the primary driver of revenue for most shops, we also recommend that they continue providing this service and improve upon it if possible. Research Problem Our team expanded upon the charge provided by the National Pawnbrokers Association (NAP) and developed the following research problem: The negative perception of pawn shops are keeping consumers from using them for lending and/or retail. The purpose of our research project was that of understanding. We wanted to learn more about peoples habits, knowledge and experience with pawn shops and how that influences their perceptions.Methodology We started our research with a preliminary literature review. We reviewed the NAP websites, participated in a conference call with NAP staff, and viewed a previously completed study about pawn shop users. Up to this point, the Naps most reliable source for understanding pawn shop customers was a study done in 1998 by the Credit Research Center School of Business at Georgetown University. The study, called Pawnbrokers in the U. S. : A Profile of Customers, provided an in-depth look at the operations of pawn shops and the characteristics of their customers.While the study provides helpful insight, it is 12 years old. We also created a list of media in which we had seen pawn shops portrayed, including the reality show Pawn Stars and the movie pulp Fiction. From our preliminary research, including the 1998 study and 1 999 Census SHIP data, we were able to learn the characteristics of the average pawn customer. ; Age 36 ; Household income Of $29,000 ; All ethnicities ; 82 percent have a high school diploma or equivalent ; Most are UN-banked or under-banked.We also learned about common misperceptionsmisconceptions, which include: ;Pawn shops are in bad parts of town. ; Pawn shops sell stolen goods. ; Most people think pawning is selling they dont understand the loan. Concept. ; Getting a pawn loan will hurt your credit score. The use of pawn shops contributed to the current financial crisis. ; Pawn shops lower property values in the neighborhoods theyre in. Some other key points that came out of our conference call with the NAP included: ; The biggest challenge for pawn shops is getting customers in the door. Most pawn loans are for unexpected expenses, usually by people living paycheck- to-paycheck. ; Common competition for pawn shops in the lending businesses are payday loan outlets and cash for gold businesses. Competition in the retail business include Crags List (scraggliest. Com), [emailprotected] (eBay. Mom), and used goods stores. Keeping this information and our purpose in mind, we began to discuss the format and content of our survey. We first discussed our unit of analysis, which we determined to be individuals. The sample we used for our research was a sample of convenience.We called on our friends, family and co-workers to participate in our survey sample. Given this, we anticipated that the majority of our sample would comprise mostly middle class people in their ass and ass. Considering our sample, we determined that an online survey would be the most effective format for reaching them. We knew that most of our sample population spent a great deal of time online, particularly on social networking websites, and felt that an online format would be most effective. We then began to discuss question content and order.In order to address the research problem, we focused on the following key topic areas: ;Lending and purchasing habits ; Knowledge of pawn shops ; Experience with pawn shops ; Perception Of pawn shops In determining the question order, we discussed the fact that we needed to know about peoples current behaviors before we could ask about their perceptions of pawn shops. Given that, we used a funnel format, starting with broad base questions on experience and knowledge and then honing in on more specific information.In determining the demographic information to be collected, we considered what information we wanted to cross-tabulate to pull out findings for the NAP. We also took care to provide a wide variety of answer response categories for our demographic questions to ensure our respondents did not feel alienated or turned off from responding. Overall, our survey design embodied the positivist paradigm, focusing on the collection of quantitative data. We chose to focus on quantitative data to low for greater ease in collection and analysis, as well as to accommodate the limited time and sample constraints we were faced with.To do this, we used a variety of question types, but did not use any open-ended questions (with the exception of the option for people to provide detail when selecting other on some questions). Once the survey was complete, we distributed it using a link via email and through messages on Backbone. We each crafted our own tee-up for the survey, but focused on the fact that the survey was on pawn shops, took 5 minutes to complete, and would be anonymous. Anonymity was an important piece to note for our respondents, as we were requesting personal information such as income.In total, the survey was sent to 488 people. 1 13 people responded to the survey, representing a response rate of 23. 26%. Rest Its The majority of respondents were female (68%) and at least part Caucasian (97%). Age was negatively skewed, with most respondents falling between the ages of 26-35 (65%). Most respondents were in the middle- to upper- class, with annual household income relatively evenly dispersed (See Figure 1). Finally, the majority of respondents had a four-year degree (52%).Figure 1: Annual Household Income ending Habits When asked how respondents would deal with an unexpected need for cash, the majority stated they would use personal savings (77%) or a credit card (48%). They rely on friends and family rather than using outside sources (e. G. , bank loan, pawn) to obtain additional funds. Only 17% said they would sell a personal belonging or use it as collateral for a short-term loan. Other options respondents listed included using other investments, such as home equity and bonds. Figure 2 illustrates respondents preferred means of obtaining cash if presented with an unexpected need.Figure 2: preferred Means Of Obtaining Cash if presented with an Unexpected Need #Answer 1 Use personal savings 77% 2 Use credit card 3 Borrow money from a friend or relative 35% 4 Take out a bank loan 17% 5 Sell possession for cash 6 use possession as collateral for a short-term loan 7 Get cash advance on your next paycheck 6% 8 Other (Please list) 4% When asked to rate what is most important in looking for a short-term loan, interest rate was ranked first, followed by repayment time period, ease of lending process and reputation Of lender.Finally, when asked what the minimum amount was for which respondents would consider getting a loan room a pawn shop, 68% said they would not consider taking a short-term loan from a pawn shop. Of those who selected a figure, the majority selected $251-$500 as the minimum amount they would consider pawning. Purchasing Habits The survey found that 89% of respondents had purchased used goods other than a vehicle. Of these, the majority had done so at garage sales (84%) and thrift stores (72%). One particularly interesting finding was that, when examined by gender, pawn shops were the only used good retail outlet frequented more by males than females (See Figure 3). Figure 3: Used Goods Retail Outlet by Gender Establishment Male Female Thrift store 27% Consignment Store 17% 83% Other Used Product Stories% 59% Antique Shop Pawn Shop 53% 47% Graveyard Sale Estate sale In-Person Auction 30% 70% online Communicates Site Other (Please list) 50. 0P. 00% Those who had not purchased used goods stated the primary reason was a preference to purchase new items. Pawn shops will likely not see these respondents in their stores, and there is likely little they can do to change their minds. Knowledge of Pawn Shops The survey showed that 65% of respondents had visited a pawn shop in the past. It also showed that 75% of respondents had bartered during a sale or urarches/p>However, when asked to identify services offered by pawn shops, there were several misconceptions: 0 47% thought pawn sh ops offered payday loans 014% thought pawn shops offered bail bonds 03% thought pawn shops offered auctions Additionally, there was little knowledge of the actual pawn service: while 89% of respondents were aware they could sell something, only 64% were aware that they could get a short-term loan. The retail opportunity was clear: of respondents knew that pawn shops offer retail for used goods. Two respondents made note that they dididntnow what services are available at awn shops.Figure 4 illustrates the percentage of respondents who believed each listed service is offered at pawn shops. Services in red text are not typically offered in the industry. Figure 4: perception Of pawn Shop Services Answer Payday loans 47% Short-term loans using personal property as collateral Auctions 3% Retail for new goods 29% Retail for used goods Exchange of personal property for cash Bail bonds Other (Please list) 2% Experience with Pawn Shops Of the 72 respondents who had visited a pawn shop, only about 57 (79%) actually used a service there.Of those 57, approximately 47 (82%) had urresearchesn item, 20 (35%) had sold an item, and only 1 (2%) pawned an item for a loan. The other 15 people who had visited a pawn shop likely did not do any business there; however, since this was not an option, we cannot be certain. Of those who had visited a pawn shop, 69% rated their experience(s) neutral, and 27% rated the experience either positive or very positive. Only 4% reported a negative experience, indicating that, overall, experiences were more good than bad.Perceptions of Pawn Shops We asked respondents to rate various common beliefs or perceptions of pawn shops identified in our preliminary research. Figure 5 shows the mean ratings (on a five-point scale) for each identified trouble spot, with the highest mean equating to the best rating. The table is sorted from the lowest score to the best. Figure 5: Personal Feelings regarding Pawn Shops Question Mean Pawn shops are a good option for getting a short-term loan. 2. 19 Pawn shops are clean. 2. 71 Pawn shops are safe. 3. 03 Pawn shops are law-abiding. 3. 04 Pawn shop employees are approachable/friendly. . 08 Pawn shops are a good place to shop for used and new goods. 3. 21 The majority of responses were relatively neutral. However, 67% of esexponentsaid that pawn shops are not a good option for getting a short- term loan (disagree or strongly disagree). Only 6% agreed that this was a good option. Of those surveyed, 20% said that pawn shops are not law- abiding. During the course of our research, an anecdotal example of this belief came up. A team members friend that lives in Billings, Montana had her car broken into and various valuable items stolen.When asked if that happens a lot she noted, Break-ins happen all the time in Billings because theres a pawn shop on practically every corner. Its easy to sell stolen stuff. Of those who expressed this opinion, 75% have seen pawn shops portrayed in television and/or movies. This was the strongest correlation found between media portrayal and negative images of pawn shops. However, it is important to note that the majority of people have seen pawn shops portrayed in the media, and general awareness is high. Key Conclusions Based on the survey results, we formulated the following tentative conclusions.It is important to note that these conclusions are tentative, as our survey did not use random sampling. Our conclusions help establish the foundation for our recommendations on how the NPNAPnd pawn shop wnwinnersay potentially improve business. Education Gap One of the primary conclusions is that there is a significant education gap around the need for pawn shops, the services offered, and their relative value in peoples lives. It is important to begin by stating that our results did not identify a lack of awareness of the existence of pawn shops.However, the findings showed that some people think that pawn shops offer payday loans and bail bonds, which are services that pawn shops typically do not provide. Of the services that pawn shops do provide, far more people were aware of the retail opportunities versus the short-term loans. teTersestates In analyzing the participants borrowing habits and preferences, we noted that more respondents listed credit cards as a preferred method over loans, despite the much higher interest rate typically associated with credit cards.If pawn shops can maintain that they consistently provide lower interest rates, beyond just competitive rates, this would be an opportunity to build value and awareness. Lending Preferences Our survey results show that people look to what they know as convenient quick cash options. Pawn shops do not overtly qualify as being convenient or a top-of-mind option. In the case of our participants, they do not represent typical pawn shop customers based on the data provided by the NPNAPMany of these people presumably have the creditworthiness to use bank savings and loans or credit cards.These options seem embedded in the lives of the majority Of the participants, making the need for fast cash a decision Of convenience. The likelihood and amount at which respondents would consider using a pawn shop for a short-term loan suggest that the people we surveyed are not a key demographic for pawn shop loans. If pawn shops are interested in doing business with white, middle- to upper-class young adults, hey should not expect a great deal of loans. Its important to note that reputation of lender was ranked the least important factor when looking for a short-term loan.This indicates the assumed poor reputation of pawn shops would not be as important a factor as cost for those looking for short-term loans. Retail Preferences While the majority of respondents had purchased used goods, pawn shops were not highly used as a used good retail outlet. Because of this, there may be an opportunity to further study the retail side of the business to learn about what types of products people are looking to purchase from places ho sell used merchandise. We also found that many participants have bartered during a sale or purchase.This indicates there is likely no hesitation to visit pawn shops based on fear of the bartering that often takes place during the sales process. Indifference Toward Pawn Shops Our findings suggest that there is more indifference toward pawn shops among those We surveyed as opposed to feelings of disdain and distrust. When it came to personal feelings about pawn shops, the majority of participants felt neutral in all categories ranging from safety, cleanliness and the friendliness of employees. Recommendations We propose the following recommendations to the NPNAPs they work towards improving the image of pawn shops and increasing use. . Promote and educate. To improve general awareness around the value of pawn shops and their potential relevance in peoples lives, we recommend substantially increasing promotion and education about key services, especially short-term lending, as our survey found this is a service of which not many people were aware. Since our survey showed a general feeling of indifference toward pawn shops, the NPNAPhould also look at what can be done to move people toward trtrotterositive feelings about pawn shops in general. . Expand business strategy to focus more heavily on retail shoppers. Business owners are always looking for ways to expand their business into related areas that their same customers want to buy. Our findings suggest that for business growth opportunity, stronger positioning targeted to middle class and upper-middle class men and women as a retail option for used goods is needed. This may include the need for more engaging storefronts, more merchandise options and more consumer-centric service personnel.We recommend examining ptoptionso increase inventory variety, such as building merchandise and managing inventory at a regional level to focus on items that may be popular in a particular neighborhood or region. Pawn shops should also evaluate what type of goods middle-class shoppers are looking for and work to maintain or update their inventory accordingly. 3. Continue to support and retain current loan customers. It is important to state that we are not recommending that pawn shops cannibalize the loan business.We highly recommend keeping this business and retaining current customers as best as possible. Our recommendation is o modestly invest in building this part of the business with the demographic surveyed. Unless pawn shops can maintain that they consistently provide lower interest rates, beyond just competitive rates, the real value proposition is that pawn shops are faster than applying for and receiving a credit card; they do not require complicated paperwork; and they do not affect ones personal credit.And because the loan is backed by merchandise, the person simply loses that item. With bank loans, a person could lose their house or car. LeLearningverall, we felt that an online survey was a great method for our research. We likely would not have been able to collect 1 13 responses had we used an in-person or telephone survey. The online format was relatively hands off, which allowed us to be more effective. It also allowed us to reach people across the country, which we would not have been able to do with in-person surveys.We felt that using FaBackbones a way to distribute our survey was extremely effective. It allowed us to reach a large number of people in a short period of time. It also eliminated any barriers from not having contact information, such as an email address, for potential respondents. However, sing FaBackboneay have limited the age range of respondents. The literature review we completed was extremely helpful in framing our survey. It helped us learn what some common misconceptions were about pawn shops, which helped inform our questions.Had we not done this preliminary research, we may have missed some key issues in our survey. While we feel our survey was designed well overall, there was one question we would have altered if we were to do it over. Question 9 asked, If yes [you have visited a pawn shop], what services have you used? The options were: oPpawnedtem(s) for short-term loan oSsoldtem(s) for cash o Purchased goods However, we did not provide the option of none/just looked. This made it difficult to analyze this question and utilize it as much as we may have liked for cross tabulation. After reviewing the results, we were shocked to see how many of the respondents were white. Although we were unsure of the exact cause, this underscored the importance of having a diverse survey population. It could be that the people of other ethnicities to whom we distributed the survey were not properly motivated to respond for some reason; of course, it is also likely that other ethnicities were simply not well represented in the survey distribution.

Cost and Management Accountant and to Reflect Roles †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Cost and Management Accountant Roles. Answer: Even in less service-centric industries such as ship building where very large multiyear and capital intensive projects are needed to deliver the end product, you fully expect that the project is managed by tapping into pools of visionaries, planners and builders who know the shipping industry and are excited about doing their small part in building a ship. All Accountants or Accountant workers who are matched up with particular work sell themselves for their next job based on how well they did on their previous jobs. This future could be our reality in the coming decades, as current employment market trends along with technology and business model innovations make it easier to be successful by working Accountant. The following analysis aims to examine what work will look like, and what business leaders and workers should do now to prepare for working in new ways (Woods, 2017). They will both compete and cooperate, enabling the automated matching up of particular work requirement s with the resources that can complete the work at the right price and level of quality, and at the right time. Teams of Accountant workers will form from individual workers that often bid on work together across intersecting industry-specific platforms. Imagine overlapping circles of different sizes; the way that some organizations are already looking to represent their organizations. Alignment of work and resources happens primarily within a given circle, but also overlaps with other circles. The size of the platform or marketplace attracting workers to find the best work assignments in their platform will demonstrate the power of that platform in the chosen industry. In a Accountant future, organizations will shrink and support functions will need to transform. They will be supported by Accountant workers who do similar work for many clients. In these contexts, the term "Accountant" gets to be too restrictive and is better replaced does not directly employ others. These individuals may seek work through various channels, including dedicated platforms or marketplaces, which makes finding work and receiving payment for the agreed upon work package much easier (Fernandes, 2016). Data Collection No Position Title Sector (if available), Industry or Government Position Description Date Listed Website Address Search Word or phrases 1 Accounting officer Financial Services Working as an accounting officer and work on different accounting functions like Account Recievables and Payables 16-Feb-17 Www.seek.com.au Management Accountant 2 Business Analyst Oil Gas Working with the accounting team and the IT team for development of accounting application which can speak to ERP function 13-Feb-17 www.jobsearch.gov.au Management Accountant 3 Management Reporting officer Mining Work with the different functions of the company and create report for management reporting 15-Apr-17 www.apsjobs.gov.au Management Accountant 4 Accounts Officer Advertising Working with different accounts and handle client accounts 16-Jan-17 www.mycareer.com.au Management Accountant 5 Accounting Analyst Consumer Discretionary Working in preparation of accounts recievable function of the company 03-Feb-17 www.careerone.com.au Management Accountant 6 Management Accountant Oil Gas Preparing annual budget of the company 05-Apr-17 Www.seek.com.au Management Accountant 7 Accounts Officer Mining Working as an accounting officer and work on different accounting functions like Account Recievables and Payables 03-Feb-17 www.jobsearch.gov.au Management Accountant 8 Accounting Analyst Financial Services Accounts team, Accounts recievables 01-Jan-17 www.apsjobs.gov.au Management Accountant 9 Accounting Analyst Oil Gas Accounts Payable, Client invoice handling 05-Jan-17 www.mycareer.com.au Management Accountant 10 Management Accountant Mining Preparing annual budget of the company 16-Mar-17 www.careerone.com.au Management Accountant 11 Accounts Officer Advertising Cash Flow and working capital management 13-Apr-17 Www.seek.com.au Management Accountant 12 Accounting Analyst Oil Gas Procedure allocation for budget preparation 01-May-17 www.jobsearch.gov.au Management Accountant 13 Business Analyst Mining Working with the accounting team and the IT team for development of accounting application which can speak to ERP function 16-Feb-17 www.jobsearch.gov.au Management Accountant 14 Management Reporting officer Financial Services Key Account management 13-Jan-17 www.apsjobs.gov.au Management Accountant 15 Accounts Officer Oil Gas ERP liason with the accounts reconciliation 15-Jan-17 www.mycareer.com.au Management Accountant 16 Accounting Analyst Financial Services Accounts reconciliation 06-Apr-17 www.careerone.com.au Management Accountant 17 Management Accountant Oil Gas Business ERP support for Accounts 07-Feb-17 www.careerone.com.au Management Accountant 18 Accounting Analyst Mining Accounts Payable, Client invoice handling 13-Feb-17 Www.seek.com.au Management Accountant 19 Management Accountant Advertising Key Account management 15-Apr-17 www.jobsearch.gov.au Management Accountant 20 Accounts Officer Oil Gas Key Account management 16-Feb-17 www.apsjobs.gov.au Management Accountant Typical of traditional organizations, decisions are made at the top, trickle down through the layers of management and are executed by front-line workers. Workers follow commands and are accountable for fulfilling the work precisely as defined. They have little leeway in terms of deciding how to accomplish a given task. The military is a frequently cited example of this kind of management, though it is also encountered in more traditional and paternalistic private companies. This model will no longer orchestrate tasks down through multiple layers of management, but will scale to a very large number of employees receiving orders from one centralized "management" algorithm. Technology will automate the assignment of work and resources and the monitoring of task completion. This will be especially common in more routine work environments where workers receive orders, follow a specified protocol, and are very closely monitored and measured (for work volumes, quality, and from a customer perspective). They will both compete and cooperate, enabling the automated matching up of particular work requirements with the resources that can complete the work at the right price and level of quality, and at the right time. Teams of Accountant workers will form from individual workers that often bid on work together across intersecting industry-specific platforms. Imagine overlapping circles of different sizes; the way that some organizations are already looking to represent their organizations. Alignment of work and resources happens primarily within a given circle, but also overlaps with other circles. The size of the platform or marketplace attracting workers to find the best work assignments in their platform will demonstrate the power of that platform in the chosen industry. In a Accountant future, organizations will shrink and support functions will need to transform. They will be supported by Accountant workers who do similar work for many clients. For example, they may provide support to help individual Accountant workers needing to bill and receive payment for services, bring solutions to the market and price end products while leveraging different talent networks and technological platforms to achieve their goals. Or, they might help in answering end-customer questions (Len, 2016). The following analysis aims to examine what work will look like, and what business leaders and workers should do now to prepare for working in new ways (Woods, 2017). They will both compete and cooperate, enabling the automated matching up of particular work requirements with the resources that can complete the work at the right price and level of quality, and at the right time. Teams of Accountant workers will form from individual workers that often bid on work together across intersecting industry-specific platforms. Imagine overlapping circles of different sizes; the way that some organizations are already looking to represent their organizations. Data Analysis No Position Title Position Description 1 Accounting officer Working as an accounting officer and work on different accounting functions like Account Recievables and Payables 2 Business Analyst Working with the accounting team and the IT team for development of accounting application which can speak to ERP function 3 Management Reporting officer Work with the different functions of the company and create report for management reporting 4 Accounts Officer Working with different accounts and handle client accounts 5 Accounting Analyst Working in preparation of accounts recievable function of the company 6 Management Accountant Preparing annual budget of the company 7 Accounts Officer Working as an accounting officer and work on different accounting functions like Account Recievables and Payables 8 Accounting Analyst Accounts team, Accounts recievables 9 Accounting Analyst Accounts Payable, Client invoice handling 10 Management Accountant Preparing annual budget of the company 11 Accounts Officer Cash Flow and working capital management 12 Accounting Analyst Procedure allocation for budget preparation 13 Business Analyst Working with the accounting team and the IT team for development of accounting application which can speak to ERP function 14 Management Reporting officer Key Account management 15 Accounts Officer ERP liason with the accounts reconciliation 16 Accounting Analyst Accounts reconciliation 17 Management Accountant Business ERP support for Accounts 18 Accounting Analyst Accounts Payable, Client invoice handling 19 Management Accountant Key Account management 20 Accounts Officer Key Account management For the current employment model to be replaced by a model that promotes the Accountant worker as the primary way for workers to earn income and participate in society, certain conditions need to be met. These conditions build on elements of exchange that have existed since the first barter systems were put in place centuries ago. In "The Sharing Economy" (as previously mentioned), Arun Sundarajan cites Avner Greif's research about how the Maghribi traders of the 11 th century managed reputation and trust between merchants and traders across oceans where communications could take months to reach their intended recipients, if they reached them at all. Methods included premiums in payment for services and the formation of coalitions that would collectively blacklist dishonest agents. In the past, tradespeople found ways to build reputation and trust, set out the value of contracts and modes of value exchange, and regulate trade. Now, workers, labor bodies, governments, platforms and ot her entities that will shape the way trade is done in the future must think of new ways to achieve this. Platform-delivered algorithms will collect data over time about what work individuals are able to deliver, within what types of time frame, as well as further details about worker preferences (such as times to work, types of jobs, types of work, who to work with). Skills and competencies will be mapped to specific types of work deliverables, and the relationships between skills and competencies will be derived through data. For example, if most people who have a certain certification list a certain set of competencies, those will be understood to be highly related and therefore inferred for any individual with that particular certification. Demand will be dynamic and short-term, based on the flow of work and timelines for delivering products or services to end customers; it will also be data-driven. References: Woods, R., 2017, March. Impact of Multimedia Learning versus Live Instruction on Adult Preparation for the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination. InSociety for Information Technology Teacher Education International Conference(pp. 1873-1885). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Fernandes, V., Gomes, D. and Ribeiro, J.L., 2016. Accounting, access and the practice of the profession of chartered accountant from the point of view of women.Ex aequo, pp.44-65 Len, V.S. and Nekhai, V.A., 2016. Accountant Professional Judgment: Definition of Concepts and Content.Oblik i Finansi,73, p.21 Brown, J.O., Hays, J. and Stuebs, M., 2017. Modeling Accountant Whistleblowing Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Fraud Triangle.Accounting and the Public Interest Lay, T.A., 2016. Business Strategy, Strategic Role of Accountant, Strategic Management Accounting and their Links to Firm Performance: An Exploratory Study of Manufacturing Companies in Malaysia.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,7(1)

Private peaceful review Essay Example

Private peaceful review Paper Private Peaceful is about a soldier called Thomas, or Tommo, Peaceful, who is looking back on his life from the trenches of the First World War. Tommo is always having nightmares how his dad got crushed by a tree. His first actual memory is his first day at school. His brother, Charlie, piggybacks him there. Tommos shoelaces are untied and he cant tie them. A girl called Molly ties his shoelaces Tommo immediately falls in love. Mrs. Peaceful takes up a job caring for the colonels wife. So Grandma Wolf comes to stay. She spends most of the time bullying big Joe for not being normal. The Colonels wife dies, so mother comes home and Grandma Wolf leaves. Tommo feels betrayed when he finds out that Charlie has still been seeing Molly and she is pregnant with his child, resulting her being thrown out her house. The two boys then have to leave to join the army, or the Colonel threatens to throw them out. Charlie protects Tommo once again, as he had in school but this time in the face of greater danger. The book covers Tommos life time but it counts down Charlies last 24 hours until he is killed. What happened was ordinary to poor people in world war one, but is unusual to people nowadays. We will write a custom essay sample on Private peaceful review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Private peaceful review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Private peaceful review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The opening of the story took some time to get into and was quite dull as we found out how Tommos father died. At the start of each chapter there is a time that was counting down until Charlie was shot. After the time there is a paragraph or so, of what is happening in the present. There is a feather separating the present and the story Tommo is telling. Characters The main characters were Thomas Peaceful, Charlie Peaceful, Big Joe Peaceful, Mrs. Peaceful and Molly. Big Joe is mentally handicapped for life, he is friendly, never aggressive, sings a lot, and loves animals. Mrs. Peaceful is hard working and is a good mother. Charlie is always looking out for Tommo and defending him. Tommo looks up to his elder brother Charlie, and worries when there is no need. Molly is very sympathetic to everyone. Charlie and Tommo both like Molly. Tommo becomes the only one still at school when Charlie and Molly leave and start working for the Colonel. Tommo feels left out. It becomes obvious that Charlie is seeing Molly more, and her parents, who are strict Christians, ban her from seeing him. Tommo becomes their go-between, delivering letters between them, but feels betrayed when he finds out that Charlie has still been seeing Molly secretly and is pregnant with his child. Mollys parents through her out when they heard the news. All of theses characters personalities did not changed they just matured. Comments on style The story was written in the first person, this is important as Tommo himself was relaying the whole story of his life. So it is like a diary. The setting was described in detail, which helped you visualize the story well. Feelings and attitudes were also described in great depth. The book is totally based on the deep feelings of the two main characters, Tommo and Charlie. You really think that it is a true story, as it is described so well and believable. It was a good story, that really made you think about the First World War and the horrific way the soldiers in the front line were just treated as cannon fodder. How unfair the treatment of men who were really suffering from shell shock. They were shot by their own men for desertion or cowardice or just for sleeping at their posts. I didnt have a favorite moment in the story as it was very sad and quite disturbing. Once I realized what the time meant at the beginning of each chapter, how it was counting down to the end of his life, it was really sad. I was hoping that it would have a happy outcome for Tommo, but as in real life it was brutal and cruel. I dont think that any moments or characters could have been improved. It was superbly written in great detail and with much emotion, passion and love. General I think the writer probably had a relative that had been in the First World War and wanted to tell the story of what typically happened to all those poor young men early in the twentieth century. By writing this book aimed at young people, who would not know what went on in the war, it gives them an understanding of what really happened. While I was reading the book, I felt sorry for the characters, only it didnt feel like a fiction book but a diary of true events. After reading the book I felt very upset and deeply moved. I kept thinking about what a terrible time it must have been. Also how things have changed now, what went on then would never happen now. I have learned a great deal about the First World War, and how terrible life was in the trenches and how cruel wars are. The solders must have been so brave and frightened. Also how upsetting it must have been for all the loved ones left behind waiting for news, hoping that the young men would return home ok. I have never read a book quite like this before, I think this book upset me the most and made me really think. It affected me like this because it is all based on true events that really happened, which makes it quite disturbing. It had an interesting Afterword chapter at the back from the author, which tells the reason for writing the book and why he had to write it and where he gets his information and passion from. Also the Historical notes were really interesting to read as they were full of true facts and figures. I would recommend this book as it is very informative, but make sure you read a happy upbeat book afterwards to cheer yourself up! I have already read over half a dozen other books by this author, he had written another about a horse in the First World War, called War Horse which I couldnt complete as I was too upset by it. Otherwise I thoroughly enjoy books by Michael Morpurgo. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Analysis of Just in time production methods The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Just in time production methods Introduction Analysis of Just in time production methods IntroductionJIT is of 2 types which are:JIT ConceptKey elements in JITBenefits of JIT Manufacturing SystemDisadvantages of JIT JIT Inventory Management1. Over Production:-2. Unnecessary Inventory :-3. Waiting Times:- 4. Inefficient Transporting :-5. Unnecessary / Excess Motion 7.  Rejects Defects:-5s’s5. Sustain:-The final stage is that of Discipline often listed as Sustain or Self-discipline. Ingraining the 5Ss into the culture.  Its tough to keep a 5S effort, or any improvement effort for that matter, going. The 5Ss involve a culture change. And to achieve a culture change, it has to be ingrained into the organization by everyone at all levels in the organization.  Ã‚     (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011)JIT IIChallenges in JIT Concept1) Transportation: 2) Estimation: Operations environments in which JiT is most usefulCHANGES THAT MIGHT IMPROVE JIT IN THEORY /PRACTICE ConclusionReference:Related Introduction Just in time is a ‘pull’ system of production, so actual orders provide a signal for when a product should be manufactured. Demand-pull enables a firm to produce only what is required, in the correct quantity and at the correct time.â€Å"Just-in-time  is an inventory system where raw materials are delivered right before they are needed on the assembly line, and finished goods are manufactured just before they are shipped to customers. Just-in-time improves return on  investment  by substantially reducing overhead cost, limiting quality inspections, and eliminating obsolete inventory†. This means that stock levels of raw materials, components, work in progress and finished goods can be kept to a minimum. This requires a carefully planned scheduling and flow of resources through the production process. Modern manufacturing firms use sophisticated production scheduling software to plan production for each period of time, which includes ordering the correct stock. Information is exchanged with suppliers and customers through EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) to help ensure that every detail is correct. A more specific definition is provided by Calvasina et al. (1989):â€Å"JIT is a system of production control that seeks to minimize raw materials and WIP inventories; control (eliminate) defects; stabilize production; continuously simplify the production process; and create a flexible, multi-skilled work force.† Successful JIT implementation should accomplish two major objectives: improve quality and control the timeliness of the production and delivery of products. (Davy;  Monden  and  Walleigh). (Sciencedirect.com, Accessed on 13th May 2011) JIT is of 2 types which are: JIT production: This where the production of the goods is  started  only when the customer places the order. In this method there will not be finished good stocks but there will be raw material stocks as the purchasing is carried out in  normal  way. JIT purchasing: This goes one step beyond the JIT production where the purchasing of raw materials for  production  is also carried out once the order is placed by the customer eliminating raw material stocks. tutebox.com/business/management/just-in-time-concept/ JIT Concept JIT is a process aimed at increasing value-added and eliminating waste by providing the environment to perfect and simplify the process.JIT in time concept was initiated in Japan making the Toyota as its master piece. JIT is system whether company starts manufacturing/purchasing once the customer orders the good effectively making zero inventories. In other words, in a JIT environment materials are purchased and produced as and when it is needed. The whole idea is based on the phrase provide the goods just in time as promised when the order is placed by the customer. The opposite of the JIT production is known as JIC (Just in case) system where it produces goods for inventory with the intention of having goods just in case a customer places a  immediate  order. The whole concept of the JIT is  differentiated  from traditional productions systems using push vs pull systems of production. The push system of production pushes materials to the next stage of the production irrespective of whether time and resources are needed at the next level of production creating lot of inventories at each level of the production flow. The traditional manufacturing organizations adopt push system where they produce for inventory and work in progress. The pull system of production is where the materials are pulled by next level of the production only when is signaled or required by the next stage of production. This drastically reduces the inventory held as it does not keep any work in progress. JIT concept is built based on the concept of pull production which eliminates the total inventory. Source: Kaluarachchi, 2009) Kanban: kanban is a Japanese word which means cards and information will be indicated in that card. Usually information includes serial no. of product identification, the quantity, the required operation and place of enquiry. Kanbans allow to link different production process together (Jarvis, podolsky.s, cheng.t.c.e, 1996). Key elements in JIT One problem with JIT is that it only works well in certain types of organization. The most successful users of JIT are currently car assembly plants, which make large numbers of similar products in a continuous process. You can see why this is, from the following arguments. Every time there are changes to a process, or it switches from making one product to making another, there are delays, disruptions and costs. JIT says that these change waste resources and should be eliminated. The level of production must allow a smooth and continuous flow of products through the process. Each part of the process should be fully utilized, so the process is likely to be a well-balanced assembly line. Deliveries of materials are made directly to the assembly line at just time they are needed. Suppliers must be able to adapt to this kind of operation. Lead times must be short or the delay in answering a request for materials becomes too long. This means working closely with the suppliers and even having hem build facilities that are physically close. As there are no stocks to give safety cover, any defects in materials would disrupt production. Suppliers must, therefore If something goes wrong, people working on the process must be able to find the cause, take the action needed to correct the fault, and make sure that it does not happen again. This needs a skilled and flexible workforce that is committed to the success of the organization. (source:- Donald Waters ( 2002) p.461) Benefits of JIT Manufacturing System The main benefits of JIT have been well famous within the literature. A carefully planned implementation of JIT can directly provide increased teamwork and employee involvement, as the organization works together to find areas of waste to target and work out ways to reduce waste in that area (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2007). This results in a simplification of the inventory management system, as well as business processes involved in inventory management. Supplier relationships and data regarding the business are used to identify specific areas where inventory improvements are required. Lower stock holding means a reduction in storage space which saves rent and insurance costs Areas previously used, to store inventories can be used for other more productive uses. As stock is only obtained when it is needed, less working capital is tied up in stock. Funds that were tied up in inventories can be used elsewhere. Throughput time is reduced, resulting in greater potential output and quicker response to customers. There is less likelihood of stock perishing, becoming obsolete or out of date Avoids the build-up of unsold finished product that can occur with sudden changes in demand. Defect rates are reduced, resulting in less waste and greater customer satisfaction. Less time is spent on checking and re-working the product of others as the emphasis is on getting the work right first time. (Source: www.ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ (Accessed on 9th May 2011))   Disadvantages of JIT JIT has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. In just-in-time, everything is very interdependent. Everyone relies on everybody else (Greenberg, 2002). Because of this strong interdependence with JIT, a weakness in the supply chain caused by a JIT weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. JIT processes can be risky to certain businesses and vulnerable to the supply chain in situations such as labour strikes, interrupted supply lines, market demand fluctuations, stock outs, lack of communication upstream and downstream in the supply chain and unforeseen production interruptions. Weakness of Just in time is a high danger plan because scheduling work is short period and the inventory degrees are kept to a minimal degree. In total quality of product is key issue with Just in Time conception. There is little room for mistakes as minimal stock is kept for re-working faulty product Production is very reliant on suppliers and if stock is not delivered on time, the whole production schedule can be delayed There is no spare finished product available to meet unexpected orders, because all product is made to meet actual orders – however, JIT is a very responsive method of production. The key characteristics of JiT 1 The main characteristic of Just – In – Time 1 is to reduce the inventory and the benefits while reducing the inventories. The purpose of Just – In – Time (JIT) is for organizations, aiming to minimize their inventory, to have material that is provided when required for use, minimizing any physical stock that is stored. JIT is not without its challenges, overproduction or procurement of excess material can conceal manufacturing issues or compensate for demand variability and these issues need to be resolved for Just in time inventory to be successful. Just – In – Time (JIT) works in the three types of inventories: 1) Raw Materials: Inventories provide insurance in case suppliers are late with deliveries. 2) Work in process: Inventories are maintained in case a work station is unable to operate due to a breakdown or other reason. 3) Finished Goods: Inventories are maintained to accommodate unexpected fluctuations in demand. JIT Inventory Management Justs: Just-in-time inventory management is used by Toyota Manufacturing as its inventory management system. The basic principle of JIT is â€Å"lean manufacturing† or reduction of inventory. Unlike the traditional accounting notion that considers inventory as adding and storing value, JIT considers inventory as waste and incurring costs. Lean Manufacturing:-Identification and elimination of waste is the central theme of a lean manufacturing production system. Lean manufacturing is a dynamic and constantly improving process dependent upon understanding and involvement by all employees. Successful implementation requires that all employees must be trained to identify and eliminate waste from their work.Waste exists in all work and at all levels in the organization. Seven Types of Waste are:- 1. Over Production:- Producing more than needed and producing faster than needed. Overproduction is to manufacture an item before it is actually required.   Overproduction is highly costly to a manufacturing plant because it prohibits the smooth flow of materials and actually degrades quality and productivity. The Toyota Production System is also referred to as â€Å"Just in Time† (JIT) because every item is made just as it is needed. Overproduction manufacturing is referred to as â€Å"Just in Case.† This creates excessive lead times, results in high storage costs, and makes it difficult to detect defects. The simple solution to overproduction is turning off the tap; this requires a lot of courage because the problems that overproduction is hiding will be revealed. The concept is to schedule and produce only what can be immediately sold/shipped and improve machine changeover/set-up capability. Over-production results in higher costs for storage,   Lack of Communication,   Local Optimization, Automation in the Wrong Places,   Cost Accounting Practices and Lack of Stable/Consistent Schedules excessive lead times, and it makes detecting the defects quite difficult. The solution for over-production is to stop producing materials and only produce what can be immediately sold or shipped. Poor information flow is another reason that over-production occurs, hence why communication is so important in the  lean manufacturing process. 2. Unnecessary Inventory :- Work in Progress (WIP) is a direct result of overproduction and waiting. Having excessive inventory will lead to increased lead times, limited floor space, and poor communication. Too much inventory often masks problems from other areas as well. Generally an arrival of inventory can be traced to poor communication and batch processing. By achieving a unspoiled flow between work centres, many manufacturers have been able to improve customer service and slash inventories and their associated costs. 3. Waiting Times:- Whenever goods are not moving or being processed, the waste of waiting occurs. Delay refers to the waste of goods that are not moving. As you already may be aware, much of a products life is spent waiting for the next phase. The reason this is considered a waste is because the good should never be waiting. If they are waiting it is due to poor material flow, long production runs, and distances between work centres are too great. Goldratt (Theory of Constraints) has stated many times that one hour lost in a bottleneck process is one hour lost to the entire factory’s output, which can never be recovered. Linking processes together so that one feeds directly into the next can dramatically reduce waiting. (source: www.emsstrategies.com) 4. Inefficient Transporting :- Moving your product from one location adds no value to your product. Many products are damaged or lost, casing a waste of money. Transporting also requires the use of material handlers, and this also adds no value to the product. This is one waste that is difficult to reduce or eliminate. Material handlers must be used to transport the materials,  resulting in another organizational cost that adds no customer value. Transportation can be difficult to reduce due to the perceived costs of moving equipment and processes closer together. Furthermore, it is often hard to determine which processes should be next to each other. Mapping the flow of your product may be one way you can gain a greater understanding of the transportation phase and learn how to reduce the costs. 5. Unnecessary / Excess Motion This waste is related to ergonomics and is seen in all instances of bending, stretching, walking, lifting, and reaching. These are also health and safety issues, Often the motion is not due to the employees behaviour, but the machine they are operating may be manufactured poorly and the employee is unable to turn a knob (or something similar) without using poor ergonomics. This waste leads to health and safety issues, which obviously lead to bigger problems in today’s controversial society. Causes for excess motion is Equipment, Office Plant Layout, Lack of 5 S’s, Lack of Visual Controls, Inconsistent Work Methods (Standardized Work), Large Batch Sizes. 6. Inappropriate Processing:- Several companies purchase high precision equipment to do a simple job. High precision equipment often leads to over-production of goods. This can also encompass using the wrong suppliers or the wrong process to do a job. The causes of processing waste is Engineering Changes Without Processing Changes, Decision Making at Inappropriate Levels, Inefficient Policies and Procedures, Lack of Customer Input Concerning Requirements.Toyota is famous for their use of low-cost automation, combined with immaculately maintained, often older machines. Investing in smaller, more flexible equipment where possible; creating manufacturing cells; and combining steps will greatly reduce the waste of inappropriate processing. 7.  Rejects Defects:- Defects in the manufacturing process are a tremendous cost to a company. Any small defect directly impacts your bottom line and effects inventory, scheduling, inspection, and other factors. In many organizations the total cost of defects is often a significant percentage of total manufacturing cost. Through employee involvement and Continuous Process Improvement (CPI), there is a huge opportunity to reduce defects at many facilities. 5s’s 5S efforts almost always improve workplace safety, operator morale, quality, and throughput. A workplace organization tool/process that maximizes the cleanliness, organization, and safety of all elements in a working environment. 5S supports a smooth production process in various ways. Searching for tools is eliminated, flow principles are applied, and tools storage is done where they are needed most. Location indicators visualise how things have been organised, and non conformities are seen at once. The 5S method improves employees ownership and leads to substantial quality improvement, cost reduction as well as product and process safety The individual items within 5S are known as the pillars and are: 1. Sort: Clearing the work area.  Any work area should only have the items needed to perform the work in the area. All other items should be cleared (sorted out) from the work area.   It has been variously anglicised as Sort, Systematisation or Simplify by those wishing to retain the S as the initial letter of each element. It is the series of steps by which we identify things which are being held in the workplace when they shouldnt, or are being held in the wrong place. Put simply, we may identify a large area devoted to tools or gauges, some of which are needed regularly and some used infrequently. This brings all sorts of problems, including: Operators unable to find the item they need, being unable to see wood for trees. The time spent searching is a waste and if we only held the items needed regularly in a prominent position we would save time. Quality issues when gauges are not calibrated on time because too many are held. Safety issues when people fall over things. Lockers and racking cluttering the workplace making it hard to move around or to see each other and communicate. (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011) 2. Set: Designating locations.  Everything in the work area should have a place and everything should be in its place. Set is the series of steps by which the most favourable organisation identified in the first pillar are put into place. The standard translation is Orderliness but again some wish to keep the initial S and use Sort Set in order, Straighten and Standardisation. The sorting out process is essentially a continuation of that described in the Set phase. Removing items to be discarded or held in an alternative location will create space. This space will be visible and facilitate the alternative layout of the area. 3. Shine: Cleanliness workplace appearance.  Not only should the work area be clear, it should also be clean. Cleanliness involves housekeeping efforts, improving the appearance of the work area, and even more importantly, preventive housekeeping keeping the work area from getting dirty, rather than just cleaning it up after it becomes dirty. 4. Standardize:- Everyone doing things the same way.  Everyone in the work area and in the organization must be involved in the 5S effort, creating best practices and then getting everyone to copy those best practices the same way, everywhere, and every time. Work area layouts and storage techniques should be standardized wherever possible. Standardisation includes all the elements of setting out a consistent way of doing things. This includes standard manufacturing methodologies, standard equipment and tooling, component rationalisation, drawing standardisation, consistency in the documentation which accompanies work, design for manufacture (or concurrent engineering) and standardisation in the clerical processes which deliver work to the shop floor and track its progress. 5. Sustain:-The final stage is that of Discipline often listed as Sustain or Self-discipline. Ingraining the 5Ss into the culture.  Its tough to keep a 5S effort, or any improvement effort for that matter, going. The 5Ss involve a culture change. And to achieve a culture change, it has to be ingrained into the organization by everyone at all levels in the organization.  Ã‚     (www.training-management.com accessed on 10th June 2011) JIT II JIT II is a way to improve the customer-supplier relationship. JIT II uses systems integration which allows, sharing of information so that the relationship is more like a partnership (Pragman 1996). Essentially this equals more and more visibility throughout the supply chain, which equals better responsiveness and lower costs, the two main goals of supply chain management. JIT II, a customer-supplier partnership concept pioneered at Bose Corporation and now practiced by major companies and their suppliers, can aid in cutting both design and response lead time (Pragman 1996). This is talented through systems combination, which seeks ways to improve coordination between different functional areas, as well as bridges the gap between customer and supplier. With JIT II the suppliers have a person within the customers organization full time acting as a purchasing department employee for the customer firm. JIT II has really impacted the following areas: the administration of the purchasing function, logistics, concurrent engineering and value analysis and material stores and support services. In each of these areas the lead time reductions are greater with JIT II than with conventional JIT (Pragman 1996).   The administrative benefits of JIT II are due to the fact that the supplier is constantly available in-house. JIT II reduces administrative costs for both the customer and supplier because the purchasing costs are not all on the customer and the supplier gets all the business from that specific customer as it wants as long as things go well. Because the supplier is always present JIT II permits concurrent engineering and value analysis to take place on an ongoing basis, not just during sporadic sales calls (Pragman 1996). Challenges in JIT Concept There are two major challenges faced in Just – In – Time concept, they are cultural difference, stress on workers, transportation and estimation. 1) Transportation: The main motto or aim in Just – In – Time is to reduce/ minimise the inventory. Just – In – Time follows different system, in which raw materials order is placed to the suppliers when demand increases from the customers, these raw material then delivered from the suppliers to the manufacturing plant in a right time at a right place, when the raw material is received initially assembling process take place and finally finished products are being delivered to the customer. This process is like chain flow, to have a proper flow transportation place a major role and some companies are careful to use two or more suppliers for most of their assemblies. There are several challenges which are connected in transportation. When the order is placed to the suppliers, it is their responsibility to deliver the raw material to the manufacturing plant in actual time at exact place. While transporting there are many chances of accident, for example: when the raw material is being exported from one country to another country through shipping. Delay in delivering goods because of traffic, climatic condition and crossing country borders, for example: as India is highly populated lots of time is consumed in traffic (Roadways), delay in climate condition occur while transferring goods through airways and checking of documents passing clearness for the goods travelling from one country’s border to another country this may also consume lots of time. In case, if any problem occurs in transportation the whole system is to be shut and finally resulting in loss of money,   customer’s satisfaction increase in Inventory (Stock). 2) Estimation: Most of the companies or firm suffer because of the word estimation/ prediction. In this system without any demand from the customer the manufacturing unit starts producing good and place bulk orders to the suppliers. Finally when the raw materials are converted into finishes goods there won’t be customers to purchase it this may led to increase in inventory.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And in some companies, manufacturing unit collects limited raw material and produce limited finishes good but the customer demand will be high. So these companies suffer by loosing lots of customer. In this case company suffers from two major problem one is excess of finished product which result in high inventory or stock and another problem is shortage of finished product which lead to loss of customer. How Toyota Implemented Just in Time: Challenges Faced and Results The major challenges faced by Toyota in  implementing JIT  included Multi-skilling the workforce to operate multiple machines based on work-flow patterns Redesigning every part of the vehicle to eliminate or widen tolerance since assembly lines did not have a choice of which parts to use and every part had to fit perfectly Testing and  training  suppliers of parts to assure quality and delivery in time on demand (brighthub.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Factories today just arent as efficient as they could be. JIT asserts that companies operate under the wrong ideas. The ideas, while logical, result in needless waste. Particularly, JIT challenges the following: As companies grow, functions tend to become specialized. Factory organization separates fabrication, assembly, shipping, and so on. But departmental production lacks synchronization. Bottlenecks form and cause large in-process inventory and long lead times. Finger pointing between departments to avoid responsibility abounds. (findarticles.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Produce to forecast. Forecasts, in varying degrees of sophistication, push production, in contrast to production being pulled by customers. Even the most sophisticated forecast isnt right; differences inevitably wind up in inventory. (findarticles.com, Accessed on 14th May 2011) Operations environments in which JiT is most useful The JIT philosophy has been used in the manufacturing industry for about forty to fifty years now, the system has not only increased productivity but also increased the quality of products, explorative studies have been completed in recent years to see if the JIT system can be applied to construction companies so that they can get the benefits of the system. Most of the research concluded that it can be implemented but with some modifications Pheng Hui (1998) As stated earlier JIT has proven to work well in the manufacturing sector, it is obvious why it is successful in the manufacturing sector, as it originated from a manufacturing industry. The concept Just – In – Time used in the following companies: Toyota Motor Company General Motors Ford Motor Company Harley Davidson Manufacturing Magic Hawthorne Management Consulting Dell Computers. (Source: www.accountingformanagement.com/just_in_time.htm#Just-In-Time Concept (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Just – In – Time (JIT) Used in Dell: Dell has also leveraged JIT principles to make its manufacturing process a success. Dell’s approach to JIT is different in that they leverage their suppliers to achieve the JIT goal. They are also unique in that  Dell  is able to provide exceptionally short lead times to their customers, by forcing their suppliers to carry inventory instead of carrying it themselves and then demanding (and receiving) short lead times on components so that products can be simply assembled by Dell quickly and then shipped to the customer. Important factors to Dell’s success: Dependable suppliers with the ability to meet Dell are demanding lead time requirements. A seamless system that allows Dell to transmit its component requirements so that they will arrive at Dell in time to fulfil its lead times. A willingness of suppliers to keep inventory on hand allowing Dell to be free of this responsibility. (Source: www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71540.aspx (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Just – In – Time (JIT) Used in Harley Davidson: Harley Davidson’s use of JIT is mostly characterized by its transformation in the late World War 2 era from an inefficient manufacturer that solved all of its problems with extra inventory to a nimble manufacturer able to meet demand and provide short lead times. Results of Harley Davidson’s JIT implementation: Inventory levels decreased 75%. Increased productivity. Harley Davidson’s success with the implementation of JIT had a lot to do with the fact that when JIT was put into practice, process problems could no longer be hidden by costly inventory that helped to meet ship dates. The inefficiencies in the processes were quickly identified and solved. (Source: www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71540.aspx (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Toyota, Dell and Harley Davidson’s are the successful companies/ firm which use Just – In – Time (JIT). They produce the effective products according to the customer needs and they these three companies have achieved a competitive advantage within the industries by utilizing Just – In – Process (JIT) concept. Operations environments in which JiT is most less useful The Just – In – Time (JIT) concept is used and being useful in many of the firms/Industries especially in manufacturing sectors. But there are some companies were Just – In – Time (JIT) concept cannot be adopted, like drug/medicine manufacturing companies and in the pharmaceutical  companies. Just – In –Time (JIT) is all about minimising or reducing the inventories, this concept will not be applicable in these companies.   In this case manufacturing sector cannot predict like sickness, spread of deceases, accident and natural calamities. In this field people cannot demand for the product often, then it won’t be possible for the manufacture to place order for the raw materials from suppliers, next is assembling process and finally it is impossible to deliver the finished product to the customer at the right time in the right place, mean time the person may die. In this particular sector there must be a large bulk of inventories, the process should be in a continuous flow and Just – In – Time is impossible to implement. Just – In – Time (JIT) would not necessarily improve a drug companys bottom line. Making all pharmaceutical manufacturing processes robust enough that you can do JIT might not be a good business decision because it might cost you more to make the process robust and get it reregistered than the value of having reduced inventory. On the other hand, generic-drug companies might be more eager to adopt Just – In – Time (JIT) manufacturing than innovator compan ies. Generic-drug manufacturers are more prone to driving manufacturing innovation to reduce cost because their margins are razor thin compared with the branded products, which provides advisory services in the global supply chain and enabling technology. A drug maker would not necessarily achieve the same level of success with Just – In – Time (JIT) manufacturing as a carmaker has, and it would be misguided for a drug company to adopt JIT principles just because it works for Toyota, Dell and Harley Davidson’s. Financial and manufacturing considerations are different in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries. JIT principles that work for a carmaker might not be appropriate for all drug-production processes. (Source: Is JIT Manufacturing the Right Prescription, by Erik Greb, pharmaceutical technology, Volume 33, Issue 3, PP. 72-78) CHANGES THAT MIGHT IMPROVE JIT IN THEORY /PRACTICE Researchers such as Crawford et al (1988) suggested that an obvious aspect for successful implementation of JIT is the commitment of sufficiently large resources in education and training to overcome the cultural resistance to change. Secondly they stated that the JIT implementation requires that the company focus on total quality control and total preventive maintenance in the early stages of implementation process, both these steps are needed in order to consistently perform to schedule. Other indicated actions to ensure performance to schedule include cross training workers and stabilizing the master production schedule. Conclusion Just-in-time manufacturing can be a positive influence on a company.   However there are many risks associated with attempting to implement JIT manufacturing techniques.   When looked at it appears to be a very simple, quick, and easy thing to do.   In reality it is a very complicated technique that takes long term commitment and a initial cost with no guarantee of success.  The most important thing for the company is to have good organized resource allocation. Also, the management and employees must have on their mind that this concept can help the organization to solve many problems in logistics. If implemented successfully it would eliminate waste, make the company more productive and more efficient.   It does this through shorter transportation and increased communication.   Although there are many companies that are successful, many companies are not.   Even though there are massive risks many still consider implementing JIT for it many advantages. The JIT concept is only one part in the value chain that brings the satisfaction to the customers. It means that the JIT concept cannot must solve existing problems in other organization processes. Everything in enterprises is needed to be healthy, through the hierarchy of employees and all workflow processes. Synergy is the only thing that can improve business results. And in the bottom line, the JIT concept is just one link in the whole chain, but very important. Reference: Donald Waters (2002) Operations Management Producing Goods and Services (second edition) London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Pragman, Claudia. JIT II: a purchasing concept for reducing lead times in time-based competition. (just-in-time management). Business Horizons, July-August 1996 v39 n4 p54(5). http://ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ www.tutor2u.net/business/production/just-in-time.html (Accessed on 10 June 2011)) Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R. (2007). Operations Management (5th ed.). London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. customwritten.com/Writing/jit-inventory-management-restaurant-paper.html www.ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/(Accessed on 10th May 2011)) http://etidweb.tamu.edu/ftp/entc412/Archive/Lean1.pdf emsstrategies.com/dm090203article2.html http://inventory-management.bestmanagementarticles.com/a-39335-just-in-time-jit-inventory-modelis-it-effective.aspx brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/71901.aspx#ixzz1OniaZg4Z training-management.info/5s.htm http://ritalogisticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-just-in-time-jit-manufacturing-and-inventory-control-system/ www.chartitnow.com/5S.html (Accessed on 10th May 2011) emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1510084show=abstract The concept again by collocating supplier and customer, by Schonberger Gilbert (1983) and Pheng Hui (1998) Pharmtech.findpharma.com/pharmtech/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=584969sk=date=pageID=2 (Accessed on 10th June 2011) Is JIT Manufacturing the Right Prescription, by Erik Greb, pharmaceutical technology, Volume 33, Issue 3, PP. 72-78 Findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n4_v39/ai_18485578/?tag=content;col1 (Accessed on 10th June 2011)

My leadership philosophy Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

My leadership philosophy - Personal Statement Example Just like what President Harry Truman affirmed in his speech entitled "A Public Man Must Live in the Present†, he believed that â€Å"the fundamental basis for a happy life with family and friends is to treat others as you would like to be treated, speak truthfully, act honorably and keep commitments to the letter† (Truman par. 2). This principle likewise applies to subordinates and colleagues, alike. In carrying out one’s responsibilities, one must be aware that leaders must have the ability to understand, not only the scope of one’s duties. Thus, leaders do not only have the obligation to carry out the responsibilities explicitly defined in their professional portfolio; more so, leaders should have the innate skills and genuine commitment to ensure that the responsibilities that must be carried out by his or her followers, must be duly accomplished, with proper motivation, guidance, direction, coaching, and mentoring strategies, which would facilitate and encourage them, wholeheartedly, to achieve. My priorities are also my commitment to undertake my responsibilities in the organization which I serve; and also to act and behave according to ethical, moral, and legal standards. I was influenced and strongly affected by the words from John McCain, in his speech on "The Virtues of the Quiet Hero" as he emphasized that he believes in life encompass service, honor, and faith – where faith was expressly disclosed to be a unifying force: "a faith that bridges unbridgeable gaps in humanity.

Education in China and America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education in China and America - Essay Example Literacy can be achieved through many ways which some include cultural, visual, internet, and information. Although many people in the society lack literacy skills, literacy remains an elusive target to all people. This paper discusses in depth about the difference between China education and American education. Although China has a high population, it has managed to excel in its basic education. It is depicted that China attaches a great significance to education. Education remains the first priority in China. Chinese high schools differ immensely with American high schools primarily in structure. An American school day tends to be shorter compared to a Chinese school day. Scholarly research denotes that American students spend only seven hours in school during the weekdays whereas as a Chinese student, I used to spend stay in school spending most of my time studying at times even until 10.00 at night. The class structure too varies between the two countries. In contrast to the Chin ese system where students remain in the same room all day, the teachers rotating in and out, the American students have each class in a different classroom with different classmates unlike Chinese students who have a set of the same classmates all day. This becomes advantageous to the students since the students are able to form a strong social bond between each other. I could have the same classmates even for the whole grade division. This made us live as a family like brothers and sisters. The two countries portray a different system of grade division. In essence, America’s most common system starts with kindergarten then proceeds to fifth grade as elementary school, sixth through eighth grade as junior high school, and ultimately ninth through twelfth grade as high school. In contrast to the American system, Chinese system begins with kindergarten through the sixth grade called the elementary school and finally the seventh grade through the twelfth grade, which is called t he middle school. The two countries differ in the way information passes from the teachers to the students. America always prefers a high personal expression. Most of the classes entirely revolve around discussion materials where the teacher expects the students to engage in dialogues. American education encourages classroom participation that contributes greatly to the performance of the students. In China, teachers do not put much emphasis on class discussions. As a Chinese student, observed the quietness in the room as the teacher came and lectured as we all listened. This reduces the teacher-student relationship since it was very rare to find a student engaging in a talk with the teacher. Some students even went to an extent of fearing the teacher. The students maintain respect amongst themselves and their teachers. The classroom is quiet as compared to the American classroom that is noisy and boisterous. Chinese classrooms emphasize on a more formal atmosphere compared to the A merican classrooms. American education always lays its basis on technology. It is depicted that in America, the progress in the field of technology and knowledge occupy’s about three-quarter of their productivity output. Unlike American education